Character education parents as partners Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Character instruction guardians as accomplices - Essay Example The school is powerful yet guardians are significantly more so. In reality, while thinking about any, and all, of social, good, conduct and scholarly turn of events, the scientists establish that parental impact is significant. In reality, it surpasses the heaviness of the school's impact. As a demonstration of the indisputable quality of this specific actuality, it is promptly conceded by schools, notwithstanding which, government, state and neighborhood reports routinely start by recognizing that guardians have the best impact on youngsters' character improvement. Following the recognizable proof of the original job which guardians play in character improvement inside the setting of youth instruction, the scientists set out upon a progressively definite investigation of the complexities of character training. In a word, and as might be found from Berkowitz and Bier's (2005) digressive investigation, character training my be characterized as a far reaching school-based way to deal with the cultivating of understudies' ethical turn of events. It is fascinating to note here that even as they diagram the centrality of guardians to character advancement and viably keep up that their impact far exceeds that of the school, the analysts characterize character improvement as a school-based methodology. As opposed to suggest that the analysts are repudiating themselves, this is demonstrative of the multifaceted nature of the idea of character. Educators perceive the multifaceted nature of character advancement in youth instruction and, likewise, will in general invite parental inclusion. Positively, the specialists don't guarantee that all instructors quickly perceive the favorable circumstances, even goals, of parental inclusion. They do contend, be that as it may, that it is very conceivable to convince teachers of the multifaceted nature of character advancement, consequently the significance of parental contribution, through straightforward activities. One is request that teachers name their ethical saint and afterward record a rundown of his/her qualities. The length and decent variety of the rundowns along these lines created proof the multifaceted nature of character. On the other hand, instructors could be solicited to draw a composite picture from their preferred understudy. The extravagance and unpredictability of the resultant picture, indeed, confirmations the multifaceted nature of the idea of character. As su ch, setting up the goals of parental association because of the intricacy of character, is certifiably not a troublesome errand. Following the above expressed, the scientists set out upon an increasingly point by point examination of the objectives of parental contribution in youth instruction. Berkowitz and Bier (2005) are not really alone in their request of the advantages of parental inclusion as Henderson and Berla (1994) make a similar point. Henderson and Berla (1994) distinguish parental inclusion as the absolute most significant predicator of understudy achievement in school. A large group of analysts agree and list the advantages of parental inclusion as all of improved scholastic execution, diminished non-appearance rates, more noteworthy scholarly inspiration, improved conduct and lower dropout rates (Colker, n.d.; Henderson and Mapp, 2002; Jordan, Orozco, and Averett, 2001). Guardians impact their child(ren's) school results through direct school contribution and, without a doubt, through a heap of different available resources which

How to Do Business In Italy Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Step by step instructions to Do Business In Italy - Research Paper Example It very well may be seen that the Italy doesn't have great worldwide connection with a large portion of the nations . In the ongoing occasions, Italy is confronting noteworthy difficulties in meeting its obligation prerequisites and the considerable mischief which has been caused in view of euro zone alongside the EU which is very hard to destroy . Economy Policy Outlook Italy is viewed as a nation with uplifted money related just as financial emergency that debilitates its situation in the euro zone. This emerges basically from an adjustment in advertise view of the condition of its open accounts. Endorsement was gotten from the Parliament on September fourteenth 2011, with respect to the spending that was intended for the time of 2012-2013 so as to limit the spending shortfall to focus in the year 2013, from 4.6% of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in the year 2010 and an approximated 4% in the year 2011. In any case, in light of the decrease in the estimation of monetary development alongside higher intrigue installments, it has been clear constantly of November of the year 2011 that more assets would be required by the nation so as to accomplish this target. Beginning a business in Italy is viewed as very costly instead of tedious in Italy .In the year 2010 and in the main portion of the year 2011, the country’s upswing from downturn had been unobtrusive. In result of mix of more prominent financial troubles, a debilitating of the business certainty and pointedly declining outside interest, it very well may be normal that Italy will experience the ill effects of various quarters of negative quarter-to-quarter growth6. Monetary Policy Monetary Policy The production of the new technocratic government has not been fruitful at limiting the pace of enthusiasm on Italian government bonds considerably6. Customer Confidence Improvements There has been noteworthy decrease in the shopper spending since April 2011. In the initial seventy five percent of the year 2011, it was seen that there was decrease in the unadjusted worth file by 0.8% year-on-year. In any case, after the urgent fall that started in the period of May of the year 2011, in the long stretch of November of the year 2011 there was recognizable ascent in the customer certainty list to 96.5 from 93.3 in the period of October of the year 2011. It was seen that the list stayed underneath the normal for every one of the a year of 99.4. It was in the long stretch of November 2011 when the consumers’ assessment of the general monetary circumstance improved significantly7. PESTEL Analysis Prior to going into any nation, it is very essential to lead PESTEL inv estigation so as to fathom the business condition of that specific nation. It tends to be expressed that the legislature of Italy has passed a â‚ ¬40 bn harshness program with the goal that it can resolve its feeble monetary position and therefore take out approaches to reinforce them. It has been seen that despite the fact that the administration takes various measures so as to diminish the expense rates, it is very high in Italy. In the year 2010, the corporate assessment rate has been 31.4% which is very higher in contrast with the EU normal of 23.2%. There has been ascend in the fares just as imports to non-EU nations by

List of Controversial Essay Topics

List of Controversial Essay TopicsThe topic of a student's essay is very important and it can be an interesting one if the right research has been done beforehand. There are two types of topics: those that deal with issues that are controversial, and those that are either controversial or socially accepted.In these cases the best strategies for essay topics include the use of background facts that help to support the argument. Using a graph or table will prove very useful in giving examples and supporting the points being made. People tend to remember those facts that they find most memorable.When you write your own essay, you should try to find out where people disagree with you, and how they got there. If you focus on discovering your audience's views on the issue and then write about how you think their position is the right one, then you will learn the truth from people who disagree with you.The students who write about controversial topics are usually highly intelligent and ofte n have an overwhelming passion for the topic. This may help if they have chosen the topic of the essay wisely. One way to ensure this is to ask your friends and family members, or for that matter, look up opinions online.If you think a topic is controversial, a good idea is to talk to some people who have different opinions on the topic and get their views on the topic. Sometimes if the topic is controversial, people who have no strong views on the topic tend to spread the opinions of others, thereby giving you a better perspective on the topic.If you don't know which audience you are addressing, then you need to find out. Start by narrowing down your topic and reading opinions about the topic from people who have no strong opinion, and who you believe may have an opinion that you don't agree with.Once you have the basis of the audience for your essay, then you will know what questions to ask your audience, as well as how to structure your essay. By following the above techniques, i t is easy to get good grades in the subjects that are particularly challenging.

Analysis Of Langston Hughes Poem Theme Of English B

Knowledge to me is information and skills that is obtained through education or life experience. It is also about having an understanding of the information obtained and having the ability to pass the information on to others. Individual power is one person strength, endurance and ability to have an open mind to do the impossible. I believe that everyone possess some form of individual power and knowledge enhances that characteristic in a person. However, one must be willing to receive knowledge from other in order to enhance their individual power. Each reading from this week shows how knowledge and individual power work hand in hand as well as how the impact our lives as well as other. I believe that each of the readings show, The more you know, the greater you individual power becomes. Upon reading Langston Hughes poem â€Å"Theme of English B† I understand that knowledge does not discriminate or separate people based upon race, age, or educational level. However, it brings us together and allows us to grow. Once you obtain any form of knowledge from anyone power is gained. Every time you quire new information you become powerful. â€Å"Theme of English B† brings light that we as a nation learn from each other if we are open minded and willing to accept what the person is showing or telling us. No matter what a person background or education level is they have the ability to enhance your individual power, by passing on knowledge. Hughes proves my point through the use ofShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Langston Hughes s Poem Theme From English B 1592 Words   |  7 Pages What Lies Beneath Langston Hughes was an American poet who spent a majority of his life growing up in Cleveland, Ohio as well as Lincoln, Illinois. Hughes was able to travel across the states and to several different countries which allowed him to experience diversity and hardships like poverty and racial discrimination. His teenage years was around the time that he would start to write poetry. The poetry that he wrote throughout his life incorporated Black culture and revealed his deeper viewsRead MoreLangston Hughes Theme For English B845 Words   |  4 PagesIn â€Å"Theme for English B† Langston Hughes dramatizes race and self-identity. Hughes is struggling to relate himself to his teacher and everyone around him, so he starts off by telling readers about his background such as his age and where he has lived. â€Å"I am twenty-two, colored, born in Winston- Salem† (2). Through the first stanza of the poem we know that Hughes is living through a time where race is a big issue and no t too many African American adolescents are in school like he is. He is learningRead More‚Äà ºEvaluation of ‚Äà ²Critical Essay on ‚Äà ²Theme for English B‚Äà ´Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒâ€žÃƒ ´Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒâ€žÃƒ ¹1291 Words   |  6 Pages â€Å"Evaluation of ‘Critical Essay on ‘Theme for English B’’† â€Å"Critical Essay on ‘Theme for English B’†, written by Chris Semansky, is just that: an analytical essay on Langston Hughes’ poem â€Å"Theme for English B†. The article is a dissection of the author’s insight on the subject matter. The paper provides a detailed assessment of the content of Langston Hughes’ work by providing the reader with perspective on Hughes’ possible thoughts about people and the way they view themselves as well as othersRead MoreLiterary Analysis Of The Ideology And Reality Of Equality987 Words   |  4 PagesLiterary Analysis of the Ideology and reality of equality in the works of Langston Hughes Langston Hughes was an African American writer and poet. Langston Hughes wrote about what it was like living as a Negro, as a black man, as any person of color in America. He wanted to portray the dignity, soulfulness, and resilience of his people. In his writings, he tends to believe that people aren’t wholly good and they are not wholly evil or bad either. He writes with such a conviction and an almostRead More Analysis of Theme for English B by Langston Hughes Essay1793 Words   |  8 Pages Langston Hughes was an African American poet and author who joined other black artists to break literary barriers during the civil rights movement. The poem entitled Theme for English B was written thirty years or so after the birth of the Harlem Renaissance, but still embodies why the Renaissance had originated in the first place. I believe this poem reflected on Hughes life in general, but more importantly on the fight against the ignorance that created discrimination. James Mercer LangstonRead MoreAnalysis Of Sonic Devices By William Blake And Langston Hughes1156 Words   |  5 PagesSonic devices can be defined as deliberate alterations made in poems that affect the sound quality of the poem for emphasis or seizing the attention of the readers. Sonic techniques can also be used for vivid description (Golston). For instance, onomatopoeia is a technique that mimics the sound created by another object. This is to help the reader create a mental picture of what the poet is trying to describe. Sonic techniques mark the rhythm in a piece. The combination of alliteration, repetitionRead MoreComparing Modern And Traditional Poems1359 Words   |  6 PagesModern and Traditional Poems Literature always reflects the reality in the contemporary world. There have been a number of poetic creations from remarkable writers who could skillfully fabricate works which echo the multidimensional aspects of the existing world. However, apart from considering a poem’s worth by linking to its social and cultural contexts, an independent analysis is quite possible. It is in this context that a deep textual analysis of the formal features of the poems becomes significantRead More With Reference To At Least Four Different Poems, Explore How Cultural1442 Words   |  6 PagesDifferent Poems, Explore How Cultural Identity Is Represented By The Various Poets The four poems I have selected to focus on all portray a cultural identity in their own unique way. Wherever I hang and The Fat Black Woman Goes Shopping, are both written by Grace Nichols, a poet of Guinean background. I have also chosen to explore Dream Variation by Langston Hughes as well as Half-Caste by John Agard. I have chosen this selection of poetry because I feel that each poem has greatRead MoreArtifacts And Analysis Of Practice3876 Words   |  16 PagesPart III. Artifacts and Analysis of Practice The first artifact I collected as a part of my inquiry was a survey given to all of the students in my classes, which asked questions intended to provide me with a baseline of information about student perception of group work and lectures. The survey was anonymous, (asking only basic identifying information such as age, grade, and gender) and most of the surveyed classes were 10th grade, with one class composed of both 11th and 12th grade students. InRead MoreThe Discourse Community Of The English Subject2328 Words   |  10 PagesWhat is a discourse community in the English subject? A discourse community is a group of people or communicators who share the same common goals or interests and use different forms of communication to achieve these goals. Some of these forms of communication may range from reading, writing, the use of technology such as blogging and emailing, and even visual art such as painting and drawing. As an English major focusing on the aspect of creative writing, the discourse community I so happened

General Douglas Macarthur s Duty, Honor, Country ``

Huerta 1 The Militaries Unspoken Will The Speech â€Å"Duty, Honor, Country† was delivered by General Douglas MacArthur to the Cadets of the Military Academy in West Point, New York. General Douglas MacArthur was being awarded with the Sylvanus Thayer Award to commend the General for all his hard work and devotion to the Military. The Award is a memorable tribute to the ideals that inspired the late General Sylvanus Thayer, who was also known as â€Å"the Father of West Point†. In General Douglas MacArthur’s â€Å"Duty, Honor, Country† speech, he used rhetorical appeals, diction, and repetition to convey his thoughts about the Military and its present leaders along with its future leaders. Historical Background General Douglas MacArthur was a highly†¦show more content†¦at the age of 84. Following his time after graduation, MacArthur was commissioned as a junior officer in the Army Corps of Engineers and spent the next decade fulfilling a variety of duties. This early period in his military career was marked by frequent promotions and led to posts in countries around the world, including the Philippines, Japan, Mexico and, in 1914, France. In 1918 he participated in the St. Mihiel, Meuse-Argonne and Sedan offensives, during which he repeatedly distinguished himself as a capable military leader. Upon returning from Europe, MacArthur became the superintendent of West Point, a post he held for the next three years. During this time he was promoted to brigadier general of the Army. In 1930, MacArthur was promoted to general and selected as the Army chief of staff. Over the next few years his efforts were primarily devoted to maintaining a military that, like the rest of the country, wa s crippled by the Great Depression. He also spoke frequently of what he considered to be the increasingly serious threat of Communism, both in the United States and abroad. In 1935, President Franklin D. Roosevelt chose MacArthur as his military adviser to the Philippines and sent him there to establish a defensive military force. In July 1941, MacArthur was recalled to active duty and became commander of U.S. forces in the Pacific. A Japanese invasion of the Philippines that same year drove MacArthur’s forces from the country, butShow MoreRelatedA Great Military Leader, Douglas Macarthur2271 Words   |  10 PagesDouglas MacArthur A great military leader†¦ 8/30/2009 PADM 4400 Summer 2009 John Thompson The research paper enclosed is one that focuses on a great military leader, Douglas MacArthur. This leader was a household name in the United States during World War I, World War II, the Cold War and the Korean War. His name was synonymous with â€Å"Power† and â€Å"influence,† during the 40’s. He became known for his great strategic battles that ultimately won World War II for the United States and its allies.Read MoreCritical Analysis The Death Of The Ball Turret Gunner1047 Words   |  5 PagesA Doomed Fate A Critical Analysis of Three Messages in Randall Jarrell’s, Gunner   Ã‚  Ã‚   Douglas MacArthur, an American general during World War II, described those who fight in war as, â€Å"The soldier, above all others, prays for peace; for it is the soldier who must suffer and bear the deepest wounds and scars of war.† Throughout history, war has been a part of every nation. From medieval times to present day, there have been a countless number of wars fought and even more human lives lost. Many shortRead MoreEthics : Defining Police Ethics1455 Words   |  6 Pagesinto it. What words fall into Ethics? Many words can be attached to the word ethic like Honor, personal courage, commitment, and selfless service, some of these values are values that our United States military uses as well. Considering that our law enforcement officials and organizations follows a paramilitary function. Is it easier to be unethical, is it harder to be ethical (do the â€Å"right† thing) in today s law enforcement? Are we as humans just not patience enough to ta ke the time to play itRead MoreDwight D. Eisenhower Research Paper2360 Words   |  10 PagesRainey Hampton December 2011 3:A Speech World War Two Speech There must be no second-class citizens in this country. - President Dwight D. Eisenhower. Dwight D. Eisenhower, General of the Army and the 34th President of the United States, was not only a remarkable soldier, but also a great leader. Bringing to his presidency his reputation as a commanding general of the successful troops in Europe during World War II, Eisenhower secured a truce in Korea and worked endlessly during his two termsRead MoreAnimals That Serve, Horses, Dolphins And Birds Pigeons3966 Words   |  16 Pagesfreedom unlike other countries. In part this is from the protection we receive from our United States military, today there are several branches protecting us by land, sea and air; from the United States Marine Corp, the US Army, US Navy, US Air Force, and the Coast Guard. Men and women alike put on a uniform and go to work, but unlike a regular 9-5 job the men and women of the US military protect us 24-7. In addition to the men and women of the military, there are others such as K9’s and horses, asRead MoreMasculinity in the Philippines12625 Words   |  51 PagesObserving these rituals in the remote Highlands of Papua-New Guinea, anthropologist Roger Keesing offers a single, succinct explanation for the prevalence of harsh male initiation: warfare (Keesing 1982,32-34; Herdt 1982,5741). Similarly, at the m a r p s of the modem Philippine state, young men have long been initiated into manhood through ritual testing of their martial valor. In the 20th century, Muslim groups in the south have formed all-male minimal alliance groups to engage in ritualized warfareRead MoreManagement Challenges for the 21st Century.Pdf60639 Words   |  243 Pageslife-and-death issues that are certain to be the major challenges of tomorrow. CERTAIN? Yes. For this is not a book of PREDICTIONS, not a book about the FUTURE. The challenges and issues discussed in it are already with us in every one of the developed countries and in most of the emerging ones (e.g., Korea or Turkey). They can already be identified, discussed, analyzed and prescribed for. Some people, someplace, are already working on them. But so far very few organizations do, and very few executives.Read MoreMarketing Mis takes and Successes175322 Words   |  702 Pagestake the case a step further, to investigate what has happened since the case was written, both to the company and even to some of the individuals involved. In the final chapter, the various learning insights are summarized and classified into general conclusions. An Instructor’s Manual written by the author accompanies the text to provide suggestions and considerations for the pedagogical material within and at the ends of chapters. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS It seems fitting to acknowledge everyone

Time Series Theory and Methods

Question: Discuss about the Time Series for Theory and Methods. Answer: Introduction: Trade off is the concept, which depicts that loses of an aspect of something in return for gaining another aspect. As all the factors cannot be attained at a same time, one has to give a product or service in order to gain another product. Traffic congestion is a major problem in Australia. Therefore, working people suffers from increasing vehicle queue. It can be assumed that there may be short and long rout to reach a destination. Probability of traffic congestion is greater at the shorter route. Hence, in order to avoid the traffic congestion, people can take alternative routes, which takes longer time. Therefore, people needs to trade off between routes with and without congestion (Anderson 2014, p. 2764). Opportunity cost: Opportunity cost is the concepts used in economic analysis, which says that a person has to give one opportunity to avail another one. Development of proper infrastructure can reduce the road congestion. However, construction of road incurs huge cost. Road congestion has also costs in terms of reduction in working hour, lengthy travel time, efficiency loss in production (Tsekeris and Geroliminis 2013, p. 5). Therefore, government has either to build infrastructure or to deal with traffic congestion. Marginal decision making: As discussed by Mahmud, Gope and Chowdhury (2012, p. 112), marginal decision making is the process through which a person chooses the best alternative that gives maximum benefits. Marginal benefit is greater when opportunity cost is low. People choose different options such as alternative roads, trade off between private and public transport based on their cost benefit analysis. Explanation of the cartoon The cartoon shows that a person is sitting under the sun and reading newspaper. Moreover, he is an aged person. As per invisible hand theory of Adam Smith, price and quantity is determined in the market through bargain between seller and buyer. The objective of the person was to get rid off from the temperature. Everyone chooses their buying and selling decision based on marginal utility. Utility of the seller maximises by increasing revenues (Tirachini, Hensher and Rose 2014, p. 41). As seen from the picture that the person buys the umbrella from the seller instead of cold drinks. Both of them maximises their utility. The seller is willing to give umbrella as this decision has less opportunity cost as he has hat to be protected from sun. On the other hand, the person sitting on the bench is benefitted by receiving the umbrella. Therefore, both can maximise their utility from this transaction as demand and supply meet each other. Explicit and implicit opportunity costs to motorists of road usage As mentioned by Fosgerau and De Palma (2013, p. 110), implicit opportunity cost is the lost of opportunity in the use of own resources of a firm or individual. This cost is important while making decision about the alternative opportunity. Implicit costs are intangibles. On the other hand explicit cost is the accounting cost of losing an opportunity. Costs that can be computed in terms of cost of resources are explicit cost (Pierce and Shoup 2013, p. 77). There is an economic cost or opportunity cost of traveling on the road. People can devote that hours in any productive usage that generates income. People can trade off that time with consumption of leisure as leisure has also utility. Safety is another implicit cost associated with the road usage by motorists. Motorists take risk of property damage, injuries and risk of death due to crashes. People trade off these risks with the income earned. Explicit cost of motorists is user cost. Toll taxes and other legal costs, license fees are explicit cost. Traffic congestion on road reduces the speed of motor vehicle and causing air pollution. Moreover, fuel cost increases with the congestion. Cost of travelling delays are the un-priced monetary externalities caused by congestion. Road pricing in Melbourne according to the time based charge or the distance of travel is the explicit cost for the motorists. In the view of Miller (2016), every one in five cars in Melbourne causes unnecessary congestion on road as their travels are not related to work or study. Therefore, road pricing at peak hour can reduce traffic jam effectively. Three approaches to improve road congestion Three approaches are described here for the reduction of traffic congestion in cities. Transportation network has been suffered from traffic congestion due to absence of capacity, supply side constraint and lack of investment in infrastructure development (Bigazzi and Figliozzi 2013, p.19). Three approaches have been adopted in Chicago to reduce congestion on road. The first one is building additional capacities in the important areas of the city. he second one is better management of existing network through intelligence transport technologies, improved signal coordination, traffic control and congestion pricing. Increasing transit into the regional roadway network planning and programming is another approach of reducing traffic congestion in roads (Staley 2012). Trends of the time series From an analysis of Figure 1 we find that there is a steady increase in the total distance travelled (billion km) by a metropolitan vehicle from 1990 to 2030. We also find that there is a constant increase in the avoidable congestion cost ($b) during the same period. In addition, we also find that the air pollution by metropolitan vehicles due to the road travel initially increases from 1990 to 1999, post 1999 the air pollution steadily decreases. The time series takes into account the forecast for the years 2017 to 2030. Relationship between the time-series over the period The analysis of the time series shows that there is a positive relationship between the distance travelled by a metropolitan vehicle and avoidable congestion cost during the period 1990 to 2030 (including the forecasted period). From the analysis, we find that from the period 1990 to 1999 as the distance travelled by metropolitan vehicles increase the air pollution also positively increases. This can be attributed to older vehicles and their technology. From 1999 to the present 2017 and again for a forecast period of 2017 to 2030, the air pollution decreases as the distance (in billion km) travelled by metropolitan vehicles increases. This decrease in air pollution can be attributed to newer vehicles and may be due to better technology of the vehicles (Brockwell and Davis 2013, p. 304). Inefficiency of public road use during peak travel times In the absence of any road pricing, travel on highways are free. There flow of traffic increases in the cities even in the peak hours. People use private cars for personal recreation, which has negative externalities in term of pollution, congestion, loss of production. Bigazzi and Figliozzi (2013, p. 23) stated that roads are scare factor in the economy as land is naturally fixed. Sellers often increases price in order to meet the demand with the supply so that some consumers are excluded from the market. During peak hour, road congestion increases marginal social cost over the marginal social benefits. Opportunity of road congestion is higher. If government imposes equal tariff during high and low demand times, inefficiency is created in the market. Traffic volume will inefficiently low during low demand periods. People travelling during off peak period will be worse off and marginal social benefits will be reduced creating market failure (Pierce and Shoup 2013, p. 70). Moreover, congestion during peak period is less likely to reduce as there as people are equally worse off during both periods. They may continue to travel during peak periods. As figure 2 shows that the effect of road pricing is higher while it is implemented in an aggregate way. There is a negative relationship between the traffic volume and traffic pricing. With the increase in road price, traffic volume on road reduces. Pricing is effective when there is huge demand in the market as well as shortage. Demand for road is greater from the office goer and the students during the peak hours. Therefore, willingness to pay price is greater during this period. On the other hand, as the flow of traffic is less during off peak hours, charging pricing creates inefficiency. The marginal social cost is flat till a certain level as prices are relatively constant during the level of demand. During peak hours, free flow of traffic increases. As there is shortage of road supply or poor signalling system, congestion is created (Anderson 2014, p. 2788). Therefore, equal tariff for all the periods fails to reduce traffic volume during peak hours. Efficiency can be increased by equating marginal social benefits with marginal social costs. Price discrimination for peak period and off-peak period is effective decision. Higher price during congestion period efficiently reduces the magnitude of congestion (Fosgerau and De Palma 2013, p. 111). Toll price t* per unit increases user cost, equating to the marginal social cost. Therefore, traffic volume decreases by bringing efficiency in the economy. Producer surplus is the region below the price line and above the supply curve. Here marginal social cost curve is the supply curve of traffic. Consumer surplus is the region below the demand curve and the above the price line. The shaded region in figure 3 is the consumer surplus. P*CB is the producer surplus in the market. With the tariff t per unit, no deadweight loss is created in the market. Imposition of road pricing hikes the user cost up to the MSC and market demand meets the market supply. At the equilibrium level, where, P= MSC= user cost, no deadweight loss is created as utility is maximised at this point for the given infrastructure (Brockwell and Davis 2013, p. 250). Hence, inefficiency is removed that has been shown in the earlier diagram. References Anderson, M.L., 2014. Subways, strikes, and slowdowns: The impacts of public transit on traffic congestion.The American Economic Review,104(9), pp.2763-2796. Bigazzi, A.Y. and Figliozzi, M.A., 2013. Marginal costs of freeway traffic congestion with on-road pollution exposure externality.Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice,57, pp.12-24. Brockwell, P.J. and Davis, R.A., 2013.Time series: theory and methods. Springer Science Business Media. Fosgerau, M. and De Palma, A., 2013. The dynamics of urban traffic congestion and the price of parking.Journal of Public Economics,105, pp.106-115. Mahmud, K., Gope, K. and Chowdhury, S.M.R., 2012. Possible causes solutions of traffic jam and their impact on the economy of Dhaka City.Journal of Management and Sustainability,2(2), p.112. Miller, J., 2016. Melbourne needs a user-pays scheme to beat traffic congestion. Available from: https://www.theage.com.au/comment/melbourne-needs-a-userpays-scheme-to-beat-traffic-congestion-20161125-gsxkdf.html Pierce, G. and Shoup, D., 2013. Getting the prices right: an evaluation of pricing parking by demand in San Francisco.Journal of the American Planning Association,79(1), pp.67-81. Staley, R. S., 2012. Practical Strategies for Reducing Congestion and Increasing Mobility for Chicago. Available at: https://nacto.org/docs/usdg/practical_strategies_for_reducing_congestion_and_increasing_mobility_chicago_staley.pdf Tirachini, A., Hensher, D.A. and Rose, J.M., 2014. Multimodal pricing and optimal design of urban public transport: The interplay between traffic congestion and bus crowding.Transportation Research Part B: Methodological,61, pp.33-54. Tsekeris, T. and Geroliminis, N., 2013. City size, network structure and traffic congestion.Journal of Urban Economics,76, pp.1-14.

Mr Essays - Personality Traits, Personality,

It is hard to determine if personality changes across our lifespan through verbal actions and cognitive recalling. Debates and studies came by to prove their stands on the subject, in which experiments and analysis of personality changes are tested across various stages of the life cycle. Most notably, longitudinal researches on young adulthood are being compared to those in adulthood and old age to affirm that personality stability is unstable initially before fixing itself in the advancing years. As mentioned previously, personality usually changes in young adulthood due to encounters that exposed people to new happenings in life such as attending school and working in a new environment. (Arnett, 2000; Erikson, 1963; Helson, 1983; White 1996). Costa Fraley, R. C.; Roberts, B. W.; Trzesniewski, K. H., 2001). Four types of personality stability and changes are used for studies to determine personality stability for young adults. It is mainly Normative Change; Rank-order Stability; Structural Stability and Ipsative Stability (eg. Blocks Caspi Mortimer, J. T., Finch, M.D., Kumka, D. S. 1982). Under Normative Changes, several studies followed closely on personality changes from adolescence through young adulthood. Majority of the studies focused mainly on Openness to Experience, one of the dimensions of the Big Five. Stewart (1964) conducted a four year longitudinal study of Berkeley students and discovered a decrease in absolutism likewise a raise in expectation and creativity. Sanford (1956) found that Vassar College students became less cautious and more open-minded. Thus many traits related to Openness of Experience surges during young adulthood (Robin et al, 2001). Looking at the next component of the Big Five, Conscientiousness, Haan. N., Millsap, R. & Hartka, E. (1986) found an increase in loyalty in both sexes age 17 to 30 years old. Helson & Moane (1987) revealed a rise in abstinence in young adulthood. Mixed longitudinal studies in young adulthood were conducted to find out the degree of Extraversion in them. Stewart (1964) observed an increase in supremacy and extraversion in a group of students. Correspondingly, Carmichael & McGue (1994) learned a rise in extraversion in a study of twins from ages 16 to 35. However, the most constant verdict will be the unchanged positive emotions during college years. Nichols (1967) found no change in amiability and Haan et al (1986) noted no changes in determination in young adulthood. From the above examples, longitudinal research to date shows that Extraversion remains relatively unchanged in young adulthood (Robin et al, 2001). In contrast, studies of Neuroticism yielded results that show either no change in the trait or a decrease in it. Nichols (1967) could not find any changes in the level of distress. No changes were observed for happiness (Roberts Viken et al, 1994). Other studies showed that conversion of adolescence to young adulthood is distinguished by the increment in self-acceptance (Stein et al, 1986) and sensitivity towards others (Carmichael Watson & Walker, 1996). Despite of the mixture of consequences, there are great amount of evidence which backs the hypothesis that neuroticism decreases in college goers (Robin et al, 2001). A few studies were done in relation to Agreeableness. Haan et al (1986) reported different alteration sequence for men and women in early adulthood. Men tend to experience lowering of affection while women will show more hospitality towards others. In another study conducted by McGue et al (1993), there was a drop in hostility from adults of age 20 to 30 years. The amount of longitudinal evidence suggests an increase in Agreeableness in young adults. Agreeing with that point, cross-sectional research shows that college students are likely to have reduced Agreeableness than older adults (e.g., Costa & McCrae, 1994b). As a whole, previous research on personality change during young adulthood supports the hypothesis that Openness to Experience,